六合学术┃1949–1978年中国社会主义建成遗产的时空分布与演进

      2024年1月17日，课题组硕士研究生马锡栋等人在张玉坤教授、李严副教授指导下所撰的“Basic types and evolutionary characteristics of the socialist built heritage in China, 1949–1978: bibliometrics analysis of the People's Daily”（1949–1978年中国社会主义建成遗产的基本类型及其演进特征：《人民日报》的文献计量学分析）一文，于国际遗产领域权威期刊《Heritage Science》（SCI与AHCI收录，IF=2.50）发表。该成果是继2023年10月刊发社会主义建成遗产时空分布研究后的第二份阶段性成果。

文章亮点

      Taking the official and authoritative People’s Daily as the data resource, twenty-six basic types of SBH were obtained through qualitative logical induction and quantitative word frequency statistics supported by Python and Excel software. This finding can facilitate the construction of the typology system for heritage census and list establishment.

      以官方《人民日报》为数据资源，在Python和Excel软件支持下，通过定性逻辑归纳和定量词频统计，得到了26种社会主义建成遗产基本类型。这一发现有助于构建遗产普查和名录编制的类型体系。

      By calculating the annual word frequency and the percentage of annual word frequency, the evolutionary characteristics of SBH for each basic type and field were objectively revealed and summarized into six chronological stages and three patterns. This finding can help the society to understand the development of SBH and strengthen the perception and understanding of its value.

      通过计算年词频和年词频百分比，客观揭示了各基本类型和领域社会主义建成遗产的演变特征，并将其归纳为六个时间阶段和三种模式。这一发现有助于社会了解社会主义建成遗产的发展，加强对其价值的认知和理解。

文章摘要

BACKGROUND: The socialist built heritage (SBH) is a product of the great and typical socialist construction and is considered to be one of the unique contemporary legacies. However, due to political controversy and a shorter history, its conservation status is dire.

背景：社会主义建筑遗产是重要且典型的社会主义建设的产物，被认为是独特的当代遗产之一。然而，由于政治争议与去今未远，其保护状况堪忧。

METHODOLOGY: In order to promote the understanding of SBH and its future conservation, a preliminary study on the basic types of SBH was conducted using China, the largest and most powerful socialist country at present, as an example. With the official People’s Daily as a base resource, the most generalized SBH types in the Socialist Revolution and Construction Period, as well as their evolutionary process and characteristics, were revealed from a bibliometric perspective using Python and Excel.

方法：为了促进对社会主义建成遗产及其未来保护的理解，本研究以中国这个目前最大、最强大的社会主义国家为例，对社会主义建成遗产的基本类型进行了初步探索。以官方《人民日报》为基础资源，利用Python和Excel软件，从文献计量学角度揭示了社会主义革命和建设时期中最普遍的社会主义建成遗产类型及其演变过程和特征。

Fig. 1. Research Framework.

RESULTS: The main research findings are as follows. (1) SBH is an integrated heritage with multi-scale and broad characteristics. It is not limited to architecture, but also includes many planning heritages, landscape heritages and facility heritages. Meanwhile, there is some variation in SBH across construction fields. SBHs in fields B and C were the most widespread (73.10% of the total), while those in fields A, F, and G were less frequently mentioned (all less than 1.00%). In addition, the share of SBH specific to the basic type was uneven. Overall, the most frequently occurring basic types were factories and facilities, collective organization buildings, government agencies, and assembly buildings (all greater than 10.00%), while medical and healthcare buildings, recreation buildings and facilities, municipal services buildings, and religious and memorial buildings were less common (all less than 0.10%). (2) The evolutionary characteristics of SBH were closely related to the development of society and contained six chronological stages and three patterns. Among them, in terms of stages, 1953 to 1960 was the fastest growing stage for both the number and size of SBHs, influenced by the first Five-Year Plan, the Great Leap Forward and the People’s Communalization Movement. The period from 1966 to 1975 was the trough stage, especially from 1966 to 1969, due to the emergence of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. In terms of fields, field F showed an evolutionary characteristic of no significant growth → sudden increase, while fields A and H fluctuated. The remaining fields of SBH were all featured by significant growth → significant reduction → smooth transition, as they were mostly directly related to major political events. In addition, SBH has evolved with time, demonstrating progressiveness in its function, structure, and size. 

结果：主要研究成果如下：(1) 社会主义建成遗产是一宗综合遗产，具有多尺度和广泛性的特点。它不仅限于建筑遗产，还包括许多规划遗产、景观遗产和设施遗产。同时，不同建设领域的社会主义建成遗产也存在一定差异。工业领域和农林业领域的遗产最为普遍（占总数的73.10%），而财贸领域、科技领域和大众文化领域的遗产则较少被提及（均小于1.00%）。此外，针对基本类型的 SBH 所占比例也不均衡。总体而言，出现频率最高的基本类型是工厂及设施、集体组织建筑、政府机构和会堂建筑（均大于10.00%），而医疗卫生建筑、娱乐建筑及设施、市政服务建筑和宗教及纪念建筑则较少出现（均小于0.10%）。(2) 社会主义建成遗产演变特征与社会发展密切相关，包含六个时间阶段和三种模式。其中，从阶段上看，受第一个五年计划、大跃进和人民公社化运动的影响，1953-1960年是社会主义建成遗产数量和规模增长最快的阶段。1966-1975 年为低谷阶段，尤其是 1966-1969年。从领域来看，科技领域的社会主义建成遗产呈现出无明显增长→突增的演变特征，而财贸和外交领域则为波动。其余领域的社会主义建成遗产因多与重大政治事件直接相关，基本呈现出大幅增长→大幅减少→平稳过渡的特点。此外，社会主义建成遗产也随着时间推移而不断发展，在功能、结构和规模上都表现出渐进性。

Fig. 2. Basic structural characteristics of the database for each field. (A) Number of valid reports; (B) Number of spatial terms; (C) Evolutionary trends in F-values in various fields.

Fig. 3. Compositional characteristics of basic types with its attributed spatial terms for each construction field. (A) Field A: finance and trade; (B) Field B: industry; (C) Field C: agroforestry; (D) Field D: transport; (E) Field E: hydrology; (F) Field F: technology; (G) Field G: culture, education, sports and sanitation; (H) Field H: diplomacy.

Fig. 4. The composition of the SBH basic types.

CONCLUSION: The immediate implication of this study is the initial establishment of a typology system for SBH, further emphasizing that it is an integral part of the contemporary cultural heritage system and calling for attention and protection. Then, the results refer to the sorting out of SBH types for China, Russia, and Central and Eastern European countries, which in turn can suggest item management and categorized assessment for future conservation work. For the remaining socialist countries today, this study can call on them to begin to pay forward-looking attention to this contemporary heritage type and to undertake preventive or salvage conservation in the future. Furthermore, the study will also be an important document for theoretical research in the field of SBH, and will have a positive value in explaining the process of socialist construction in New China and contemporary attitudes toward heritage conservation. 

结论：本研究直接意义在于初步建立了社会主义建成遗产的类型体系，进一步强调了社会主义建成遗产是当代文化遗产体系中不可或缺的一部分，亟需关注和保护。其次，研究结果有助于梳理中国、俄罗斯和中东欧国家的遗产类型，进而支撑未来分项管理、分类评估等保护工作。于当今其他社会主义国家而言，本研究可呼吁他们开始前瞻性地关注这一当代遗产类型，并开展预防性或抢救性保护。此外，本文还将成为社会主义建成遗产领域理论研究的重要文献，对解释新中国社会主义建设进程和当代遗产保护态度具有积极价值。

关键词

Socialist built heritage, Basic type, Evolutionary characteristic, Bibliometrics analysis, Heritage conservation, Socialist China

社会主义建成遗产，基本类型，演进特征，文献计量学分析，遗产价值，社会主义中国

版面预览

欢迎阅读与引用：

Ma, X., Zhang, Y., Li, Y. et al. Basic types and evolutionary characteristics of the socialist built heritage in China, 1949–1978: bibliometrics analysis of the People's Daily. Heritage Science, 2024, 11, e19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01136-1

Ma, X., Zhang, Y., Li, Y. et al. Spatial–temporal distribution and evolution of the socialist built heritage in China, 1949–1978. Heritage Science, 2023, 11, e214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-01060-w